The
basic historical understanding of "Gog and Magog"[1]
across the Abrahamic traditions is summed up well by Abdullah Yusuf Ali in an appendix
of his Qur'an translation and commentary:
It is practically agreed that they were the wild tribes of Central Asia which have made inroads on settled kingdoms and Empires at various stages of history. The Chinese Empires suffered from their incursions and built the Great Wall of China to keep out the Manchus and Mongols. The Persian Empire suffered from them at various times and at various points. Their incursions into Europe in large hordes caused migrations and displacements of populations on an enormous scale, and eventually broke up the Roman Empire. These tribes were known vaguely to the Greeks and Romans as "Scythians", but that term does not help us very much, either ethnically or geographically.[2]A.R. Anderson catalogs some of the earliest recorded examples of these incursions:
From time immemorial the Caucasus—that mighty bulwark thrown across the isthmus between the Black and the Caspian Seas—has lain in the pathway of northern nomads descending into the fair lands of Hither Asia. What devastating waves of migration have burst against its barriers, some of them to clear its passes and to deal destruction to the civilizations of the south! Such may have been the course of the Kassites when about 1900 B.C. they came bringing with them the horse, but wrecking the empire founded by Hammurabi. Such too may have been the course of the Mitanni, when they about 1400 B.C. made themselves felt as far as Palestine. It was probably through the pass of Dariel that the Cimmerians, Gimirrae, who are to be identified with the biblical Gomer, invaded Assyria under Sargon (722-705 B.C.) and then later passed on to overrun Asia Minor, devastating it as far as the Aegean, and overthrowing the power of Phyrgia founded by Midas. A generation later under Esar-Haddon (681-668 B.C.), the Scythians followed by way of the pass of Derbend, destined before the century was past to join the Medes and Chaldeans in overthrowing Assyria (612 B.C.). East of the Caspian the Massagetae constituted a problem even to Cyrus the Great. Darius, recognized the Scythian peril, sought to strike them by way of the Balkan peninsula, crossing the Danube in an in an expedition in which he narrowly escaped utter ruin. [3]
Such incursions continued well into the Common Era. The term "Scythians," or later "Huns," became a generic designation for Central Asian nomadic tribes who occupied the northern parts of the Caucasus. The people of Asia Minor and the Caucasus would build defensive walls in the Caucasian mountains, such as the Pass of Dariel and the Gates of Derbend in modern-day Russia, to protect them from from invasions by these tribes from the north. The Huns, of course, ravaged Europe in the late fourth and fifth centuries, contributing to the fall of the Western Roman Empire. In the following centuries, the Sabirs, Kök Türks, and Khazars posed repeated threats to Byzantine and/or Persian territories in the Near East. In the climax of the centuries long Byzantine-Sassanian Wars, the Byzantine Emperor Heraclius even opened the Gates of Derbend and summoned the Kök Türks and Khazars against his Sassanian Persian opponents.
Notwithstanding, the most devastating manifestation of this phenomenon occurred centuries later: the Mongol invasions and conquests of the thirteenth century.
The Gates of Derbend in modern-day Russia, also known in popular tradition as the Gates of Alexander.
(Courtesy of Wikipedia.)
(Courtesy of Wikipedia.)
Notwithstanding, the most devastating manifestation of this phenomenon occurred centuries later: the Mongol invasions and conquests of the thirteenth century.
The expansion of the Mongol Empire.
(Courtesy of Wikipedia, user Astrokey 44.)
In summary, Schmidt and Van Donzel write:
[Gog and Magog] were identified with different “impure peoples”: Scythians, Huns, Alans, Khazars, Turks, Kipchaks, or the Mongols. The common denomination of these peoples is that they all were accomplished horsemen who invaded the Roman Empire from the Eurasian steppes and whose civilisations were unknown to the citizens of the Roman Empire.[4]
The term Gog and Magog has therefore become synonymous with barbarian, especially with the type of barbarian that bursts through the northern frontier of civilization. This frontier extends the whole length of the Eurasian continent from the Atlantic to the Pacific, from Spain to China, and includes such outstanding landmarks as the Alps, the Caucasus, and the Great Wall[5]…The legend of Alexander’s Gate and of the enclosed nations is in reality the story of the frontier in sublimated mythologized form.[6]The Gog/Magog tradition has evolved over the course of the Abrahamic traditions, from the mention of Magog as a descendent of Noah's son Japheth in the Table of Nations (Genesis 10:2), to the proto-apocalyptic prophecy about the armies of "Gog of Magog" in Ezekiel 38-39, to further apocalyptic development in Second Temple Jewish texts and early Christian and Rabbinic writings, to their infusion with the Alexander legends in the Late Antique period, and in their presentation in the Qur'an (18:93-99; 21:95-96) and prophetic hadiths.
Adeel's essay provides a fairly straightforward reading of the Qur'anic verses and (frequently misunderstood) hadiths on the topic of Gog and Magog, along with helpful analysis from medieval and modern Muslim scholars. The essay clarifies:
- What the hadiths say about the ethnic identity and geographical location of "Gog and Magog";
- How the hadiths seem to have prophesied the Mongol invasions many centuries before they occurred;
- That the fortification that restrained Gog and Magog (see Qur'an 18:93-99) may have already been breached, rather than being a future event;
- That the invasions of Gog and Magog are not restricted to a single apocalyptic event, but are a transhistorical phenomenon, recurring across history, but culminating in their most catastrophic manifestation immediately before the Last Day;
- How this catastrophic event fits into the ends times chronology presented in the hadiths;
- What the hadiths about their enormous numbers mean.
[1] The etymology of these names is uncertain.
For a summary of several theories, see J. Lust, “Magog” in Karel Van Der
Toorn, Bob Becking, and Pieter W. van der Hoorst (eds.), Dictionary of Demons and Deities in the Bible (Leiden: Brill, 1999),
2nd ed, pp. 535-536. Magog
occurs in the Table of Nations in Genesis 12 as a nation descending from Noah’s
son Japheth, the progenitor of European and certain Asian peoples. “Gog” first occurs in the prophecy in Ezekiel
38-39, where he is the political and military head of the region of Magog. In the second century BCE, “Gog” occurs in
place of “Magog” in the Book of Jubilees, and they subsequently occur as
counterpart tribes in the third book of the Sibylline Oracles. In the Qur'an, the paired names are made to rhyme—Ya'juj and Ma'juj—as is a common literary feature of the scripture.
[2] Abdullah Yusuf Ali, The Holy Qur'an: Arabic Text with an English Translation
and Commentary (Lahore: Shaykh Muhammad Ashraf, 1937), vol. 2, p. 761.
[3] Andrew Runni Anderson, “Alexander at the Caspian gates,” Transactions and
Proceedings of the American Philological Association 59 (1928): 138–139.
[4] Andrea and Emeri Van Donzel (eds.), Gog and Magog in Early Syriac and Islamic
Sources: Sallam’s Quest for Alexander’s Wall (Leiden: Brill, 2009), p.
45.
[5] Here Anderson is considering post-Qur’anic interpretations, such as that the
Mongol invasions represented Gog and Magog. Nonetheless, it is an accurate
characterization of Gog and Magog as a transhistorical typology.
[6] Andrew Runni Anderson, Alexander's Gate, Gog and Magog,
and the Inclosed Nations (Baltimore: The Waverly Press Inc., 1932), p.
8.
